Polymorphisms of hm30181 mesylate

ABSTRACT

Polymorphs of HM30181, their physical properties, and methods for their preparation are described.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/107,720 filed on Oct. 30, 2020, and Provisional Patent Application No. 63/107,792 filed on Oct. 30, 2020. These and all other referenced extrinsic materials are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Where a definition or use of a term in a reference that is incorporated by reference is inconsistent or contrary to the definition of that term provided herein, the definition of that term provided herein is deemed to be controlling.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The field of the invention is P-glycoprotein inhibitors, in particular HM30181 mesylate.

BACKGROUND

The background description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an ATP dependent efflux pump protein with a wide range of substrate specificity that is found throughout the major genera. Due to its broad distribution and its function it is thought to be a defense mechanism that actively transport toxins out of cells. In humans P-gp can transport substrate compounds from intestinal epithelial cells back into the intestinal lumen, from the blood brain barrier back into adjacent capillaries, from the proximal tubule of the kidney into the urinary filtrate, and from liver cells into the bile ducts.

Unfortunately, a number of drugs utilized in chemotherapy are substrates for P-gp. P-gp activity, therefore, can reduce bioavailability and effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs. In such instances administration of P-gp inhibitors can be useful in improving the response to chemotherapy. Accordingly, over the last 30 years a number of pharmaceutically useful P-gp inhibitors (such as amiodarone, clarithromycin, cyclosporin, colchicine, diltiazem, erythromycin, felodipine, ketoconazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, nifedipine, paroxetine, reserpine, saquinavir, sertraline, quinidine, tamoxifen, verapamil, and duloxetine) have been developed.

HM30181 mesylate is a third generation P-gp inhibitor that has been studied for use with paclitaxel. HM30181 mesylate selectively inhibits P-gp in the intestinal epithelium, improving absorption of orally administered chemotherapeutic drugs without increasing potentially detrimental transport across the blood-brain barrier. The structure of HM30181 mesylate is shown below.

The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and incidence of side effects of orally administered HM30181 mesylate are less than optimal, however.

Thus, there is still a need for polymorphisms of HM30181 mesylate that can provide improved absorption, improved pharmacokinetics, and/or reduced side effects upon administration.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventive subject matter provides polymorphisms of HM31081 mesylate, methods for their preparation and characterization, and methods for their use.

One embodiment of the inventive concept is a composition that includes a crystalline or partially crystalline form of HM30181 mesylate, where the crystalline or partially crystalline form includes polymorph B, polymorph C, polymorph D, polymorph E, polymorph F, polymorph G, polymorph H, polymorph I, polymorph J, polymorph K, polymorph L, polymorph M, and/or polymorph N. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph B, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 40 and an endotherm at about 159.92° C. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph Type C, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 42 and an endotherm at about 159.6° C. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph Type C, and the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern with 2Theta maxima at about 6.4° and about 8.0°. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph Type C, and has a unit cell with a volume of about 1180 Å³, where a is about 7 Å, b is about 15 Å, c is about 18 Å, alpha is about 52°, beta is about 62°, and gamma is about 90°. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph C, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 42 and an endotherm at about 159.60° C., and can be a monohydrate. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph D, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 45 and an endotherm at about 66.97° C. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph E, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 47 and an endotherm at about 154.42° C., and can include DMA. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph Type E, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 47 and an endotherm at about 154.4° C. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph Type E, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2Theta maxima at about 4.2°, about 10.4°, about 10.7°, about 14.7°, about 16.8°, about 21°, about 23.8°, about 26.6°, and about 27.7°. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph Type E, and has a unit cell with a volume of about 1620 Å³, where a is about 8 Å, b is about 10 Å, c is about 24 Å, alpha is about 75°, beta is about 80°, and gamma is about 110°. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph F, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 50 has an endotherm at about 148.41° C., and can include DMF. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph G, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 53 and an endotherm at about 69.02° C. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph H, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 55 and an endotherm at about 126.52° C. In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph I, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 57 . In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph J, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 58 . In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph K, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 60 . In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph L, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 61 . In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph M, and has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 62 . In some of such embodiments the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph N, has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 63 and an endotherms at about 159° C. and about 188° C., and can include methanol.

Another embodiment of the inventive concept is a method of inhibiting P-glycoprotein activity, by contacting P-glycoprotein with at least one crystalline or partially crystalline form of HM30181 mesylate as described above in an amount that is effective in inhibiting an activity of P-glycoprotein.

Another embodiment of the inventive concept is a method of treating cancer by administering a chemotherapeutic drug that is a P-glycoprotein substrate to an individual that in need of treatment for cancer and also administering a polymorph of HM30181 mesylate as described above in an amount that is effective to inhibit P-glycoprotein activity in the individual.

Another embodiment of the inventive concept is the use of a polymorph of HM30181 mesylate as described above in preparing a medicament for treating cancer. Such a medicament can also include a chemotherapeutic drug that is a P-glycoprotein substrate.

Another embodiment of the inventive concept is a formulation that includes a polymorph of HM30181 mesylate as described above and a therapeutic drug, where the therapeutic drug is a P-glycoprotein substrate. Such a therapeutic drug can be a chemotherapeutic drug that is used in the treatment of cancer.

Various objects, features, aspects and advantages of the inventive subject matter will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, along with the accompanying drawing figures in which like numerals represent like components.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 : FIG. 1 shows an overlay of X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) results from HM30181 mesylate polymorphisms types A to N.

FIG. 2 : FIG. 2 shows results from XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material

FIG. 3 : FIG. 3 shows an overlay of results of DSC/TGA studies of HM30181 mesylate Type A.

FIG. 4 : FIG. 4 shows results of ¹H-NMR studies of HM30181 mesylate Type A.

FIG. 5 : FIG. 5 shows results of DVS of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material.

FIG. 6 : FIG. 6 shows an overlay of overlay of XRPD studies of Type A starting material post-DVS.

FIG. 7 : FIG. 7 shows an overlay of results from Cyclic DSC studies of HM30181 mesylate Type A and HM30181 mesylate Type A heated to 110° C.

FIG. 8 : FIG. 8 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type A and HM30181 mesylate Type A heated to 110° C.

FIG. 9 : FIG. 9 shows an overlay of cyclic DSC studies of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material and HM30181 mesylate Type A heated to 185° C.

FIG. 10 : FIG. 10 shows an overlay of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material and HM30181 mesylate Type A heated to 185° C.

FIG. 11 : FIG. 11 shows an overlay of results of cyclic DSC studies of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material and HM30181 mesylate Type A heated to 200° C.

FIG. 12 : FIG. 12 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material and HM30181 mesylate Type A heated to 200° C.

FIG. 13 : FIG. 13 shows results of XRPD studies of freebase HM3018-A

FIG. 14 : FIG. 14 shows an overlay of results of ¹H-NMR studies of HM30181 mesylate Type A heated to 200° C., freebase HM3018-A, and HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material.

FIG. 15 : FIG. 15 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type B from slurry experiments.

FIG. 16 : FIG. 16 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type C from slurry experiments.

FIG. 17 : FIG. 17 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type D from slurry experiments.

FIG. 18 : FIG. 18 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type E from slurry experiments.

FIG. 19 : FIG. 19 shows an overlay of results of XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type F from slurry experiments.

FIG. 20 : FIG. 20 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type G from slurry experiments.

FIG. 21 : FIG. 21 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type D from liquid vapor diffusion experiments.

FIG. 22 : FIG. 22 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type E from liquid vapor diffusion experiments.

FIG. 23 : FIG. 23 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type H from liquid vapor diffusion experiments.

FIG. 24 : FIG. 24 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type I and HM30181 mesylate Type J from liquid vapor diffusion experiments.

FIG. 25 : FIG. 25 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type C polymorph generated by cooling.

FIG. 26 : FIG. 26 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type C with samples from anti-solvent experiments.

FIG. 27 : FIG. 27 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type F with sample from anti-solvent experiments.

FIG. 28 : FIG. 28 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type J with samples from anti-solvent experiments.

FIG. 29 : FIG. 29 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type K from anti-solvent experiments.

FIG. 30 : FIG. 30 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type L from anti-solvent experiments.

FIG. 31 : FIG. 31 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type M from anti-solvent experiments.

FIG. 32 : FIG. 32 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type B large scale studies.

FIG. 33 : FIG. 33 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type C large scale studies.

FIG. 34 : FIG. 34 shows an overlay of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type D large scale studies.

FIG. 35 : FIG. 35 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type E large scale studies.

FIG. 36 : FIG. 36 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type G large scale studies.

FIG. 37 : FIG. 37 shows an overlay of results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type F and HM30181 mesylate Type G large scale studies.

FIG. 38 : FIG. 38 shows an overlay of results of ¹H-NMR studies of HM30181 mesylate Type G large scale studies.

FIG. 39 : FIG. 39 shows an overlay of results of ¹H-NMR studies HM30181 mesylate polymorphisms large scale studies.

FIG. 40 : FIG. 40 shows results of XRPD studies of HM30181 mesylate Type B.

FIG. 41 : FIG. 41 shows an overlay of DSC and TGA results from HM30181 mesylate Type B.

FIG. 42 : FIG. 42 shows results of XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type C.

FIG. 43 : FIG. 43 shows an overlay of DSC and TGA results of HM30181 mesylate Type C.

FIG. 44 : FIG. 44 shows results of ¹H-NMR of HM30181 mesylate Type C.

FIG. 45 : FIG. 45 shows results of XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type D.

FIG. 46 : FIG. 46 shows an overlay of DSC and TGA results from HM30181 mesylate Type D.

FIG. 47 : FIG. 47 shows results of XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type E.

FIG. 48 : FIG. 48 shows an overlay of results from DSC and TGA of HM30181 mesylate Type E.

FIG. 49 : FIG. 49 shows results of ¹H-NMR of HM30181 mesylate Type E.

FIG. 50 : FIG. 50 shows results from XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type F.

FIG. 51 : FIG. 51 shows an overlay of results from DSC and TGA of HM30181 mesylate Type F.

FIG. 52 : FIG. 52 shows results from ¹H-NMR of HM30181 mesylate Type F

FIG. 53 : FIG. 53 shows results from XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type G.

FIG. 54 : FIG. 54 shows an overlay of results from DSC and TGA of HM30181 mesylate Type G.

FIG. 55 : FIG. 55 shows results from XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type H.

FIG. 56 : FIG. 56 shows an overlay of results from DSC and TGA of HM30181 mesylate Type H.

FIG. 57 : FIG. 57 shows results from XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type I.

FIG. 58 : FIG. 58 shows results from XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type J.

FIG. 59 : FIG. 59 shows results from TGA of HM30181 mesylate Type J.

FIG. 60 : FIG. 60 shows results from XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type K.

FIG. 61 : FIG. 61 shows results from XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type L.

FIG. 62 : FIG. 62 shows results from XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type M.

FIG. 63 : FIG. 63 shows results from XRPD of HM30181 mesylate Type N.

FIG. 64 : FIG. 64 shows an overlay of DSC and TGA results from HM30181 mesylate Type N.

FIG. 65 : FIG. 65 shows results of ¹H-NMR of HM30181 mesylate Type N.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.

The inventive subject matter provides a wide range of polymorphisms of HM30181 mesylate and methods for their preparation. The various polymorphisms are shown to be structurally distinct by X-ray diffraction and various physical properties. Polymorphs of HM30181 mesylate with improved pharmacokinetics, reduced incidence of side effects, reduced dosing schedules, etc. can be identified among these by conventional methods (e.g., animal studies, clinical studies, etc.).

One should appreciate that the disclosed techniques provide many advantageous technical effects including improving absorption of chemotherapeutic drugs while maintaining patency of the blood-brain barrier and reducing the incidence of developing drug resistance during cancer treatment.

The following discussion provides many example embodiments of the inventive subject matter. Although each embodiment represents a single combination of inventive elements, the inventive subject matter is considered to include all possible combinations of the disclosed elements. Thus if one embodiment comprises elements A, B, and C, and a second embodiment comprises elements B and D, then the inventive subject matter is also considered to include other remaining combinations of A, B, C, or D, even if not explicitly disclosed.

In some embodiments, the numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as concentration, reaction conditions, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the invention are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, in some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable. The numerical values presented in some embodiments of the invention may contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g. “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member can be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. One or more members of a group can be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is herein deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

Inventors have identified 1a number of polymorphisms of HM30181 mesylate, including Type A to Type N (see Table 1). Some of the polymorphisms can include metastable solvates. The Inventors believe that one or more of these polymorphs can have improved pharmacokinetics and/or bioavailability relative to prior art formulations of HM30181 mesylate. Inventors believe that such improvements can permit the use of lower doses that reduce or eliminate side effects associated with treatment using prior art formulations of HM30181 mesylate.

TABLE 0 Crystal DSC form endotherm Batch (XRPD) (° C.) TGA weight loss Identification B00505-05-C Type A 181.41 2.6% before 150° C. Monohydrate (hygroscopic (starting material) to 2.26% at 95% RH) 6007235-16-A1-airdry Type B 159.92 1.9% before 170° C. Solvate/hydrate 6004273-10-C-vd Type C 159.60 3.0% before 175° C. Monohydrate 6007235-16-A21-airdry Type D 66.97 (peak), 14.71% before 150° C. Solvate/hydrate 114 (exotherm) 6004273-10-E-vd Type E 154.42 5.247% before 168° C. DMA solvate 6004273-10-G-vd Type F 148.41 5.123% weight loss DMF solvate before 180° C. 6007235-16-B26-airdry Type G  69.02 1.451% before 150° C. Solvate/hydrate 233.29 6007235-19-B10 Type H 126.52 7.444% weight loss Solvate/hydrate before 200° C. 6007235-19-E3 Type I NA NA Weak solvate- converts to Type J on air-drying 6007235-19-E5 Type J NA 2.887% weight loss Solvate/hydrate before 150° C. 6004273-06-A4 Type K Insufficient Insufficient sample Possible solvate/hydrate sample 6004273-06-A60 Type L Insufficient Insufficient sample Possible solvate/hydrate sample 6004273-06-A56 Type M Insufficient Insufficient sample Possible solvate/hydrate sample 6004273-10-B-vd Type N 159.28 2.128% weight loss Possible MeOH 188.47 before 180° C. solvate/hydrate FIG. 1 provides a summary overlay of X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) results from HM30181 mesylate polymorphisms types A to N, as provided in Table 1.

A prior art HM30181 mesylate salt monohydrate material (i.e., a starting material) can be synthesized as described in PCT application publication number WO 2005/033097 or U.S. Pat. No. 9,283,218 which are incorporated herein by reference. This starting material was characterized by XRPD, TGA, DSC, and DVS (see below), and was identified as crystalline Type A by XRPD (see FIG. 2 ).

By DSC, HM30181 mesylate Type A displayed an endotherm at 181.41° C. (see FIG. 3 ). By TGA, HM30181 mesylate Type A showed 2.584% weight loss before 150° C., matching with a monohydrate weight loss (MW 802.849 for HM30181 mesylate salt monohydrate, 2.24% wt loss), followed by a 4.133% weight loss before 250° C., possibly due to disassociation and decomposition (see FIG. 3 ). By ¹H-NMR, HM30181 mesylate Type A was potentially a hydrate, as no solvents were detected other than water (see FIG. 4 ).

By DVS, HM30181 mesylate Type A was hygroscopic and absorbed 2.26% water from 0-95% RH, with no change in XRPD pattern observed (see FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 ).

Cyclic DSC to 110° C. of HM30181 mesylate Type A resulted in no XRPD change (see FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 ). Cyclic DSC of HM30181 mesylate Type A to 185° C. resulted in HM30181 mesylate Type A with reduced crystallinity (FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 ). Cyclic DSC of HM30181 mesylate Type A to 200° C. resulted in amorphous material (see FIG. 11 and FIG. 12 ). Freebase HM3018-A (6004273-06-A) was also characterized by XRPD and was found to be amorphous (see FIG. 13 ). Based on ¹H-NMR data, decomposition of Type A initiated after heating to 200° C. (see FIG. 14 ).

Solubility of HM30181 mesylate starting material was estimated in solvents (see below), and results are listed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Dissolved after Solubility heating to 50° C. Experiment ID Solvent (mg/mL) for 2 hours? B00505-05-C-1 MeOH 1.7-2.0 B00505-05-C-2 EtOH <0.9 Almost B00505-05-C-3 IPA <1.0 No B00505-05-C-4 Acetone <1.0 No B00505-05-C-5 MIBK <1.0 No B00505-05-C-6 EtOAc <0.9 No B00505-05-C-7 IPOAc <1.0 No B00505-05-C-8 THF <1.0 No B00505-05-C-9 2-MeTHF <1.0 No B00505-05-C-10 1,4-Dioxane <1.0 No B00505-05-C-11 MTBE <1.0 No B00505-05-C-12 ACN <1.0 Yes B00505-05-C-13 DCM <1.0 Yes B00505-05-C-14 CHCl₃ 5.0-6.7 B00505-05-C-15 Toluene <1.0 No B00505-05-C-16 n-Heptane <1.0 No B00505-05-C-17 H₂O <1.0 No B00505-05-C-18 Cyclohexane <1.0 No B00505-05-C-19 MEK <1.0 No B00505-05-C-20 T-BuOH <1.0 No B00505-05-C-21 NMP 4.8-6.3 B00505-05-C-22 DMSO 22-44 B00505-05-C-23 DMA 3.2-4.8 B00505-05-C-24 n-Propanol <1.0 No B00505-05-C-25 n-Propyl acetate <1.0 No B00505-05-C-26 Cumene <1.0 No

Slurry-based generation and/or screening for HM30181 mesylate polymorphs was performed by preparing slurries of starting material HM30181 mesylate Type A in a variety of solvents and under a variety of conditions as described below. The resulting solids were analyzed by XRPD and identified for physical state. Results are summarized in Table 3 and Table 4.

Slurries of HM30181 mesylate Type A in MeOH generated HM30181 mesylate Type B after 1 week at temperatures of 4° C. to 50° C. (see FIG. 15 ). Slurries of HM30181 mesylate Type A in DCM at ambient temperature and acetonitrile at 4° C. to 50° C. generated HM30181 mesylate Type C (see FIG. 16 ). Slurries of HM30181 mesylate Type A in NMP at ambient temperature generated HM30181 mesylate Type D (see FIG. 17 ). Both HM30181 mesylate Type C and HM30181 mesylate Type D showed significant similarities to HM30181 mesylate Type A. Slurries of HM30181 mesylate Type A in DMA at ambient conditions generated HM30181 mesylate Type E (see FIG. 18 ). Slurries of HM30181 mesylate Type A in DMF generated HM30181 mesylate Type F at ambient temperature (see FIG. 19 ) and Type G at 50° C. (see FIG. 20 ).

Table 3 (continued in Table 4) API Solvent Crystal Exp Method Temp. Solvent (mg) (mL) Type 6007235-16-C10 Slurry 4° C. 1,4-Dioxane 25.9 0.2 A 6007235-16-B10 Slurry 50° C. 1,4-Dioxane 23.4 0.2 A 6007235-16-A10 Slurry ambient 1,4-Dioxane 21 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-A34 Slurry ambient 1-Methyl-2- 25 0.2 A temperature pyrrolidinone/water (1:1) 6007235-16-C9 Slurry 4° C. 2-Methyl 27.4 0.2 A tetrahydrofuran 6007235-16-B9 Slurry 50° C. 2-Methyl 24.5 0.2 A tetrahydrofuran 6007235-16-A9 Slurry ambient 2-Methyl 28.7 0.2 A temperature tetrahydrofuran 6007235-16-C4 Slurry 4° C. Acetone 25.3 0.2 A 6007235-16-B4 Slurry 50° C. Acetone 27.9 0.2 A 6007235-16-A4 Slurry ambient Acetone 26.7 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C13 Slurry 4° C. CHCl₃ 22.4 0.2 A 6007235-16-B13 Slurry 50° C. CHCl₃ 29 0.1 A 6007235-16-A14 Slurry ambient CHCl₃ 25.6 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C21 Slurry 4° C. Cumene 22.1 0.2 A 6007235-16-B25 Slurry 50° C. Cumene 26.3 0.2 A 6007235-16-A26 Slurry ambient Cumene 26.1 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C17 Slurry 4° C. Cyclohexane 24.2 0.2 A 6007235-16-B17 Slurry 50° C. Cyclohexane 23.8 0.2 A 6007235-16-A18 Slurry ambient Cyclohexane 26.2 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C24 Slurry 4° C. Cyclopentylmethyl 20.8 0.2 A ether 6007235-16-B29 Slurry 50° C. Cyclopentylmethyl 24.9 0.2 A ether 6007235-16-A30 Slurry ambient Cyclopentylmethyl 21.7 0.2 A temperature ether 6007235-16-A22 Slurry ambient DMSO 22.7 0.1 A temperature 6007235-16-A31 Slurry ambient DMSO/water (1:1) 25.1 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C2 Slurry 4° C. Ethanol 20.7 0.2 A 6007235-16-B2 Slurry 50° C. Ethanol 26.9 0.2 A 6007235-16-A2 Slurry ambient Ethanol 21.7 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C6 Slurry 4° C. Ethyl acetate 26.2 0.2 A 6007235-16-B6 Slurry 50° C. Ethyl acetate 25.5 0.2 A 6007235-16-A6 Slurry ambient Ethyl acetate 24.2 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C22 Slurry 4° C. Ethyl formate 24.8 0.2 A 6007235-16-B27 Slurry 50° C. Ethyl formate 25 0.2 A 6007235-16-A28 Slurry ambient Ethyl formate 25.1 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C23 Slurry 4° C. Isobutyl Acetate 23.7 0.2 A 6007235-16-B28 Slurry 50° C. Isobutyl Acetate 22 0.2 A 6007235-16-A29 Slurry ambient Isobutyl Acetate 25.4 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C3 Slurry 4° C. isopropanol 26.8 0.2 A 6007235-16-B3 Slurry 50° C. isopropanol 21.5 0.2 A 6007235-16-A3 Slurry ambient isopropanol 23.6 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C7 Slurry 4° C. isopropyl acetate 25.9 0.2 A 6007235-16-B7 Slurry 50° C. isopropyl acetate 21.9 0.2 A 6007235-16-A7 Slurry ambient isopropyl acetate 28.8 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C18 Slurry 4° C. methyl ethyl 21.8 0.2 A ketone 6007235-16-B18 Slurry 50° C. methyl ethyl 20.6 0.2 A ketone 6007235-16-A19 Slurry ambient methyl ethyl 27.1 0.2 A temperature ketone 6007235-16-C5 Slurry 4° C. methyl isobutyl 26.1 0.2 A ketone 6007235-16-B5 Slurry 50° C. methyl isobutyl 27 0.2 A ketone 6007235-16-A5 Slurry ambient methyl isobutyl 27.9 0.2 A temperature ketone Table 0 (continued from Table 3) API Solvent Crystal Exp Method Temp. Solvent (mg) (mL) Type 6007235-16-C11 Slurry 4° C. Methyl t-butyl ether 27.1 0.2 A 6007235-16-B11 Slurry 50° C. Methyl t-butyl ether 27.5 0.2 A 6007235-16-A11 Slurry ambient Methyl t-butyl ether 26.8 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-A32 Slurry ambient N,N- 26.9 0.2 A temperature Dimethylacetamide/water (1:1) 6007235-16-A33 Slurry ambient N,N- 27 0.2 A temperature Dimethylacetamide/water (1:1) 6007235-16-C15 Slurry 4° C. n-Heptane 26.8 0.2 A 6007235-16-B15 Slurry 50° C. n-Heptane 22.7 0.2 A 6007235-16-A16 Slurry ambient n-Heptane 22.8 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C19 Slurry 4° C. n-Propanol 22.3 0.2 A 6007235-16-B23 Slurry 50° C. n-Propanol 21.8 0.2 A 6007235-16-A24 Slurry ambient n-Propanol 23.3 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C20 Slurry 4° C. n-Propyl acetate 21.5 0.2 A 6007235-16-B24 Slurry 50° C. n-Propyl acetate 27.4 0.2 A 6007235-16-A25 Slurry ambient n-Propyl acetate 26.5 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-B19 Slurry 50° C. t-Butanol 23.7 0.2 A 6007235-16-A20 Slurry ambient t-Butanol 23.9 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C8 Slurry 4° C. Tetrahydrofuran 22.9 0.2 A 6007235-16-B8 Slurry 50° C. Tetrahydrofuran 21.7 0.2 A 6007235-16-A8 Slurry ambient Tetrahydrofuran 20.9 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C14 Slurry 4° C. Toluene 24.2 0.2 A 6007235-16-B14 Slurry 50° C. Toluene 25.7 0.2 A 6007235-16-A15 Slurry ambient Toluene 24.9 0.2 A temperature 6007235-16-C16 Slurry 4° C. Water 27.6 0.2 A 6007235-16-B16 Slurry 50° C. Water 27 0.2 A 6007235-16-C28 Slurry 4° C. 1-Methyl-2- 23.9 0.2 amorphous + pyrrolidinonee/water A (1:1) 6007235-16-C26 Slurry 4° C. N,N- 26.4 0.2 amorphous + Dimethylacetamide/water A (1:1) 6007235-16-C27 Slurry 4° C. N,N- 24 0.2 amorphous + Dimethylacetamide/water A (1:1) 6007235-16-A17 Slurry ambient Water 22 0.2 amorphous + temperature A 6007235-16-B20 Slurry 50° C. 1- 

 Methyl-2- 23.7 0.1 amorphous pyrrolidinone 6007235-16-B21 Slurry 50° C. DMSO 23.8 0.1 amorphous 6007235-16-C25 Slurry 4° C. DMSO/water (1:1) 24.3 0.2 amorphous 6007235-16-A1 Slurry ambient Methanol 24.9 0.2 B temperature 6007235-16-B1 Slurry 50° C. Methanol 27 0.1 B 6007235-16-C1 Slurry 4° C. Methanol 23.2 0.2 B 6007235-16-A12 Slurry ambient Acetonitrile 25.5 0.2 C temperature 6007235-16-A13 Slurry ambient Dichloromethane 21.9 0.2 C temperature 6007235-16-B12 Slurry 50° C. Acetonitrile 22.7 0.1 C 6007235-16-C12 Slurry 4° C. Acetonitrile 21.9 0.2 C 6007235-16-A21 Slurry ambient 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 24.6 0.2 D temperature 6007235-16-A23 Slurry ambient N,N-Dimethylacetamide 25.6 0.1 E temperature 6007235-16-A27 Slurry ambient N,N-Dimethylacetamide 26.2 0.1 F temperature 6007235-16-B26 Slurry 50° C. N,N-Dimethylacetamide 27.3 0.1 G

Generation and/or screening of HM30181 mesylate polymorphs was also performed by preparing HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material for liquid and solid vapor diffusion as described below. Resulting solids were analyzed by XRPD and identified for physical state. Results are summarized in Table 5, Table 6, and Table 7. Liquid vapor diffusion of MTBE into NMP solution yielded HM30181 mesylate Type D (see FIG. 21 ). Liquid vapor diffusion of MEK into NMP or DMA solution yielded HM30181 mesylate Type D (see FIG. 21 ). Some loss of crystallinity was noted on air-dried HM30181 mesylate Type D, suggesting possible solvate. Liquid vapor diffusion of 2-MeTHF into DMA or DMF solution yielded HM30181 mesylate Type E (see FIG. 22 ). Liquid vapor diffusion of MTBE into DMA solution yielded HM30181 mesylate Type E, with a few additional diffraction peaks, which Inventors believe are attributable to HM30181 mesylate Type I (Error! Reference source not found.). Liquid vapor diffusion of ACN into DMSO solution yielded HM30181 mesylate Type H (see FIG. 23 ). Liquid vapor diffusion of Acetone, Ethyl Acetate, or isopropyl acetate into DMA solution yielded HM30181 mesylate Type I (see FIG. 24 ). Air-drying of HM30181 mesylate Type I yielded HM30181 mesylate Type J (see FIG. 24 ). Liquid vapor diffusion of isopropyl acetate into DMSO solution followed by air drying also yielded HM30181 mesylate Type J.

TABLE 5 API Solvent Crystal Exp Temperature Solvent (mg) (mL) Type 6007235-17-A1 ambient methanol 25.2 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A2 ambient ethanol 22.1 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A3 ambient isopropanol 21.4 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A4 ambient

 cetone 24.8 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A5 ambient methyl isobutyl ketone 25.8 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A6 ambient ethyl acetate 22.9 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A7 ambient isopropyl acetate 23.8 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A8 ambient tetrahydrofuran 24.5 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A9 ambient 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran 24.9 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A10 ambient methyl t-butyl ether 27.1 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A11 ambient acetonitrile 27.7 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A12 ambient dichloromethane 24.9 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A13 ambient CHCl₃ 29 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A14 ambient methyl ethyl ketone 23.4 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A15 ambient t-butanol 28.2 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A16 ambient n-propanol 25.4 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A17 ambient ethyl formate 27.3 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A18 ambient cyclopentylmethyl ether 25.1 0.1 A temperature 6007235-17-A19 25° C. 25° C./60% RH 22.9 0.1 A 6007235-17-A20 40° C. 40° C./75% RH 23.5 0.1 A 6007235-17-A21 40° C. 100% RH(water) 22.7 0.1 A

Table 6 (continued on Table 7) Anti- API Solvent solvent Exp Temp. Solvent (mg) (mL) Anti-solvent (mL) Crystal Type 6007235-19-A1 ambient methanol 22 16 ethyl formate 0.5 No solids temperature 6007235-19-A2 ambient methanol 23 16 dichloromethane 0.5 No solids temperature 6007235-19-B1 ambient DMSO 25 0.3 ethanol 2 No solids temperature 6007235-19-B2 ambient DMSO 25 0.3 isopropanol 2 No solids temperature 6007235-19-B3 ambient DMSO 25 0.3 acetone 2 Amorphous temperature 6007235-19-B4 ambient DMSO 25 0.3 MIBK 2 Amorphous temperature 6007235-19-B5 ambient DMSO 25 0.3 ethyl acetate 2 Amorphous temperature 6007235-19-B7 ambient DMSO 25 0.3 tetrahydrofuran 2 Amorphous temperature 6007235-19-B8 ambient DMSO 25 0.3 2-MeTHF 2 Amorphous temperature 6007235-19-B9 ambient DMSO 25 0.3 methyl t-butyl 2 Amorphous temperature ether 6007235-19-B11 ambient DMSO 25 0.3 dichloromethane 2 Amorphous temperature and A 6007235-19-B12 ambient DMSO 25 0.3 methyl ethyl 2 Amorphous temperature ketone 6007235-19-B13 ambient DMSO 25 0.3 t-butanol 2 No solids temperature 6007235-19-C1 ambient NMP 30 3 ethanol 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-C2 ambient NMP 30 3 isopropanol 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-C3 ambient NMP 30 3 acetone 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-C4 ambient NMP 30 3 MIBK 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-C5 ambient NMP 30 3 ethyl acetate 3 Amorphous temperature and A 6007235-19-C6 ambient NMP 30 3 isopropyl acetate 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-C7 ambient NMP 30 3 tetrahydrofuran 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-C8 ambient NMP 30 3 2-MeTHF 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-C10 ambient NMP 30 3 acetonitrile 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-C11 ambient NMP 30 3 dichloromethane 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-C13 ambient NMP 30 3 t-butanol 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-D1 ambient DMF 30 3 ethanol 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-D2 ambient DMF 30 3 isopropanol 3 Amorphous temperature 6007235-19-D4 ambient DMF 30 3 MIBK 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-D5 ambient DMF 30 3 ethyl acetate 3 Amorphous temperature 6007235-19-D6 ambient DMF 30 3 isopropyl acetate 3 Amorphous temperature 6007235-19-D7 ambient DMF 30 3 tetrahydrofuran 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-D9 ambient DMF 30 3 methyl t-butyl 3 Amorphous temperature ether 6007235-19-D10 ambient DMF 30 3 acetonitrile 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-D11 ambient DMF 30 3 dichloromethane 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-D12 ambient DMF 30 3 methyl ethyl 3 Amorphous temperature ketone 6007235-19-D13 ambient DMF 30 3 t-butanol 3 No solids temperature 6007235-19-E1 ambient DMA 20 4 ethanol 8 No solids temperature 6007235-19-E2 ambient DMA 20 4 isopropanol 8 No solids temperature 6007235-19-E4 ambient DMA 20 4 MIBK 8 No solids temperature 6007235-19-E7 ambient DMA 20 4 tetrahydrofuran 8 No solids temperature 6007235-19-E10 ambient DMA 20 4 acetonitrile 8 No solids temperature 6007235-19-E11 ambient DMA 20 4 dichloromethane 8 No solids temperature 6007235-19-E13 ambient DMA 20 4 t-butanol 8 No solids temperature Table 7 (continued from Table 6) Anti- XRPD API Solvent solvent (wet XRPD Exp. Temp. (mg) Solvent (mL) Anti-solvent (mL) cake) (air-dry) 6007235-19-C12 ambient 30 NMP 3 MEK 3 Type D — temperature 6007235-19-E12 ambient 20 DMA 4 MEK 8 Type D Type D and temperature amorphous 6007235-19-C9 ambient 30 NMP 3 MTBE 3 Type D — temperature 6007235-19-D8 ambient 30 DMF 3 2-MeTHF 3 Type E E temperature 6007235-19-E8 ambient 20 DMA 4 2-MeTHF 8 Type E E temperature 6007235-19-E9 ambient 20 DMA 4 MTBE 8 Type E E temperature and I 6007235-19-B10 ambient 25 DMSO 0.3 ACN 2 Type H — temperature 6007235-19-E3 ambient 20 DMA 4 Acetone 8 Type I Type J temperature 6007235-19-E5 ambient 20 DMA 4 EtOAc 8 Type I Type J temperature 6007235-19-E6 ambient 20 DMA 4 iPrOAc 8 Type I Type J temperature 6007235-19-B6 ambient 25 DMSO 0.3 iPrOAc 3 — Type J temperature

Generation and/or screening of HM30181 mesylate polymorphs by cooling was carried out by treating HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material using gradual or rapid (i.e. crash) cooling as described below. The resulting solids were analyzed by XRPD and identified for physical state. Results are summarized in Table 8. Cooling experiments in acetonitrile and DCM yielded HM30181 mesylate Type C; no significant change was noted on air-drying (see FIG. 25 ).

TABLE 8 Solvent/ Solvent/ Anti- Anti- API solvent XRPD XRPD Exp. Temp. Temp solvent (mg) (mL) (wet cake) (air-dry) 6007235-17-C6 Slow Cooling 50° C.-->4° C.  NMP 20.9 4 No solids 6007235-17-C14 Crash Cooling 50° C.-->−20° C. NMP 26.2 4 Amorphous 6007235-17-C2 Slow Cooling 50° C.-->4° C.  CHCl₃ 25.4 4 Amorphous and A 6007235-17-C10 Crash Cooling 50° C.-->−20° C. CHCl₃ 25.4 4 No solids 6007235-17-C13 Crash Cooling 50° C.-->−20° C. DCM 22.1 10 No solids 6007235-17-C3 Slow Cooling 50° C.-->4° C.  EtOH 5 20 No solids 6007235-17-C11 Crash Cooling 50° C.-->−20° C. EtOH 5 20 No solids 6007235-17-C9 Crash Cooling 50° C.-->−20° C. MeOH 22.9 10 No solids 6007235-17-C1 Slow Cooling 50° C.-->4° C.  MeOH 24.7 20 No solids 6007235-17-C7 Slow Cooling 50° C.-->4° C.  DMA 25 4 Amorphous and A 6007235-17-C15 Crash Cooling 50° C.-->−20° C. DMA 26.9 4 Amorphous 6007235-17-C8 Slow Cooling 50° C.-->4° C.  DMF 25.1 4 No solids 6007235-17-C16 Crash Cooling 50° C.-->−20° C. DMF 25.1 4 Amorphous 6007235-17-C4 Slow Cooling 50° C.-->4° C.  ACN 12.6 10 Type C Type C 6007235-17-C5 Slow Cooling 50° C.-->4° C.  DCM 26.8 10 Type C + Type C peaks 6007235-17-C12 Crash cooling 50° C.-->−20° C. ACN 12.6 10 Type C Type C

HM30181 mesylate was also subjected to evaporation methods by treating HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material as described below. The resulting solids were analyzed by XRPD and identified for physical state. Results are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 API Solvent Exp Temp. Solvent (mg) (mL) Crystal Type 6007235-17-B6 ambient temperature methanol 12 10 Amorphous 6007235-17-B1 ambient temperature methanol 12 10 Amorphous 6007235-17-B8 50° C. ethanol 5 20 Amorphous and A 6007235-17-B3 50° C. ethanol 5 20 Amorphous 6007235-17-B5 50° C. dichloromethane 21.2 20 Amorphous 6007235-17-B10 50° C. dichloromethane 28 20 Amorphous 6007235-17-B7 ambient temperature CHCl₃ 27.4 7 Amorphous 6007235-17-B2 ambient temperature CHCl₃ 26 7 Amorphous 6007235-17-B9 50° C. acetonitrile 10.5 40 Amorphous 6007235-17-B4 50° C. acetonitrile 10.5 40 Amorphous

Generation and/or screening of HM30181 mesylate polymorphs by treatment with anti-solvents was performed by treating HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material as described below. The resulting solids were analyzed by XRPD and identified for physical state. Results are summarized in Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, and Table 13. Anti-solvent studies in DMSO yielded HM30181 mesylate Type C (see FIG. 26 ). Anti-solvent studies in N,N-dimethylacetamide with methyl t-butyl ether yielded a HM30181 mesylate Type F polymorphism (see FIG. 27 ). Anti-solvent addition and reverse anti-solvent addition in DMSO/EtOAc, DMA/MIBK, DMA/toluene and NMP/t-BuOH yielded primarily amorphous content and a polymorphism with some similarity to HM30181 mesylate Type J (see FIG. 28 ). Other anti-solvent studies in DMSO and DMF yielded a HM30181 mesylate Type K polymorphism (or possibly a mixture of types, see FIG. 29 ). Anti-solvent experiments in DMF/n-propanol and DMA/isopropanol yielded a HM30181 mesylate Type L polymorphism (see FIG. 30 ). Anti-solvent addition DMF/Toluene and DMA/t-BuOH were mostly amorphous, but also generated HM30181 mesylate Type M (see FIG. 31 ).

Table 10 (continued on Table 11) Anti- Anti- solvent Evap NB Solvent solvent (mL) Precipitation? solids? Identification 6004273-06-A1 DMSO EtOH 20 N Y Type K 6004273-06-A2 DMSO IPA 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A3 DMSO Acetone 10 Y Type K 6004273-06-A4 DMSO MIBK 10 Y Type K 6004273-06-A5 DMSO EtOAc 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A6 DMSO iPrOAc 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A7 DMSO THF 10 Y Similar to Type K 6004273-06-A8 DMSO 2-MeTHF 10 Y Amorphous 6004273-06-A9 DMSO 1,4-Dioxane 20 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A10 DMSO MTBE 20 Y Amorphous 6004273-06-A11 DMSO ACN 20 N Y Type C 6004273-06-A12 DMSO DCM 20 N Y Similar to Type C 6004273-06-A13 DMSO CHCl₃ 20 N Y Type K 6004273-06-A14 DMSO Toluene 10 Y Amorphous 6004273-06-A15 DMSO Water 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A16 DMSO MEK 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A17 DMSO t-Butanol 10 Y Type K 6004273-06-A18 DMSO n-Propanol 10 Y Type K 6004273-06-A19 DMSO n-Propyl 10 Y Type K acetate 6004273-06-A20 CHCl₃ Ethanol 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A21 CHCl₃ IPA 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A22 CHCl₃ Acetone 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A23 CHCl₃ MIBK 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A24 CHCl₃ EtOAc 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A25 CHCl₃ iPrOAc 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A26 CHCl₃ THF 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A27 CHCl₃ 2-MeTHF 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A28 CHCl₃ 1,4-Dioxane 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A29 CHCl₃ MTBE 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A30 CHCl₃ ACN 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A31 CHCl₃ DCM 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A32 CHCl₃ Toluene 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A33 CHCl₃ n-Heptane 10 Y Type A Table 11 (continued from Table 10 and on Table 12) Anti- solvent Evap NB Solvent Anti-solvent (mL) Precipitation? solids? Identification 6004273-06-A34 CHCl₃ MeOAc 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A35 CHCl₃ Cyclohexane 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A36 CHCl₃ MEK 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A37 CHCl₃ t-Butanol 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A38 CHCl₃ n-Propanol 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A39 CHCl₃ n-Propyl 10 Y Type A acetate 6004273-06-A40 CHCl₃ Ethyl formate 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A41 CHCl₃ iBuOAc 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A42 CHCl₃ CPME 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A43 DMF EtOH 20 N Y Amorphous 6004273-06-A44 DMF IPA 10 Y Type K 6004273-06-A45 DMF Acetone 20 N Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A46 DMF MIBK 10 Y Amorphous 6004273-06-A47 DMF EtOAc 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A48 DMF iPrOAc 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A49 DMF THF 20 N Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A50 DMF 2-MeTHF 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A51 DMF 1,4-Dioxane 20 N Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A52 DMF MTBE 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A53 DMF ACN 20 N Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A54 DMF DCM 20 N Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A55 DMF CHCl₃ 20 N Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A56 DMF Toluene 10 Y Type M 6004273-06-A57 DMF Water 20 N Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A58 DMF MEK 20 N Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A59 DMF t-Butanol 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A60 DMF n-Propanol 20 N Y Type L + amorphous 6004273-06-A61 DMF n-Propyl 10 Y Type A acetate 6004273-06-A62 NMP EtOH 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A63 NMP IPA 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A64 NMP Acetone 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A65 NMP MIBK 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A66 NMP EtOAc 10 Y insufficient solids/gel Table 12 (continued from Table 11) Anti- solvent Evap NB Solvent Anti-solvent (mL) Precipitation? solids? Identification 6004273-06-A67 NMP iPrOAc 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A68 NMP THF 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A69 NMP 2-MeTHF 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A70 NMP 1,4-Dioxane 20 N N Type A 6004273-06-A71 NMP MTBE 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A72 NMP ACN 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A73 NMP DCM 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A74 NMP CHCl₃ 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A75 NMP Toluene 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A76 NMP Water 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A77 NMP MEK 20 N Y Amorphous 6004273-06-A78 NMP t-BuOH 20 hazy Y Amorphous + Type J 6004273-06-A79 NMP n-Propanol 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A80 NMP n-Propyl 10 Y insufficient acetate solids/gel 6004273-06-A81 DMA EtOH 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A82 DMA IPA 20 hazy Y Type L + amorphous 6004273-06-A83 DMA Acetone 20 N Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A84 DMA MIBK 10 Y Amorphous + Type J 6004273-06-A85 DMA EtOAc 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A86 DMA iPrOAc 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A87 DMA THF 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A88 DMA 2-MeTHF 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A89 DMA 1,4-Dioxane 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A90 DMA MTBE 10 Y Amorphous + Type F 6004273-06-A91 DMA ACN 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A92 DMA DCM 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A93 DMA CHCl₃ 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A94 DMA Toluene 10 Y Amorphous + Type J 6004273-06-A95 DMA Water 20 N Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A96 DMA MEK 20 N N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A97 DMA t-Butanol 20 N Y Type M 6004273-06-A98 DMA n-Propanol 20 N Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A99 DMA n-Propyl 10 Y insufficient acetate solids/gel

TABLE 13 Anti- solvent Evap NB Solvent Anti-solvent (mL) Precipitation? solids? Identification 6004273-06-A100 NMP 1,4-Dioxane 20 N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A101 NMP MIBK 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A102 CHCl3 EtOH 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A103 CHCl3 MTBE 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A104 CHCl3 n-Heptane 10 Y Type A 6004273-06-A105 DMSO EtOAc 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A106 DMSO Toluene 10 Y Amorphous 6004273-06-A107 DMSO Water 20 N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A108 DMA Acetone 20 N insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A109 DMA iPrOAc 10 Y insufficient solids/gel 6004273-06-A110 DMF IPA 10 Y Amorphous + Type K 6004273-06-A111 DMF THF 20 N insufficient solids/gel

Large scale studies were performed with HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material on a 200 mg scale as described below. Results are summarized in Table 14. Solids were isolated by vacuum filtration. The wet cakes from filtration from DMA, DMF, and NMP slurries were washed with 1 mL to 2 mL methanol to remove solvents. Solids were then vacuum dried at 80° C. overnight.

At large scale, a slurry of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material in methanol at ambient conditions generated a mixture of HM30181 mesylate Type B and HM30181 mesylate Type A after 9 days (see FIG. 32 ). After 14 days, the slurry in methanol generated a HM30181 mesylate Type N polymorph. HM30181 mesylate Type N showed some loss of crystallinity after vacuum-drying, suggesting a methanol solvate (see FIG. 32 ). A slurry of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material in acetonitrile at ambient conditions generated HM30181 mesylate Type C after 14 days; no loss of crystallinity was detected after vacuum-drying (see FIG. 33 ). A scaled-up slurry of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material in NMP provided a primarily amorphous material (see FIG. 34 ). A scaled-up slurry of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material in DMA yielded HM30181 mesylate Type E after 6 days (see FIG. 35 ). HM30181 mesylate Type E showed no loss of crystallinity after vacuum drying. A scaled-up slurry of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material in DMF at 50° C. yielded HM30181 mesylate Type F rather than the expected HM30181 mesylate Type G after 9 days (see FIG. 36 ). Some change of pattern was noted after vacuum-drying. A scaled-up slurry of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material in DMF at ambient temperature initially showed no change from Type A (see FIG. 37 ). This slurry was heated in an attempt to generate HM30181 mesylate Type G. A scaled-up slurry of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material in DMF at 100° C. yielded HM30181 mesylate Type F after 2 days (see FIG. 37 ). A scaled-up slurry of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material in DMF at 150° C. yielded a previously unobserved XRPD pattern after 5 days (see FIG. 37 ). ¹H-NMR results in DMSO-d₆ suggested that the DMF slurry at 150° C. resulted in degradation, as the ¹H-NMR spectrum did not match either the starting material or freebase (see FIG. 38 ).

By ¹H-NMR, no disproportionation or degradation was detected in HM30181 mesylate Types C, E, F and N polymorphs (see FIG. 39 ). By ¹H-NMR, HM30181 mesylate Type E contained DMA, HM30181 mesylate Type F contains DMF, and HM30181 mesylate Type N contains MeOH.

TABLE 14 Anti- Solvent Conc. Anti- solvent Desired NB Method Solvent (mL) (mg/mL) solvent (mL) Type Observations 6004273-10-B Slurry at MeOH 0.2 480 B Type N ambient temperature 6004273-10-C Slurry at MeCN 0.2 545 C Type C ambient temperature 6004273-10-D Slurry at NMP 0.2 550 D Amorphous ambient temperature 6004273-10-E Slurry at DMA 0.2 576 E Type E ambient temperature 6004273-10-F Slurry at DMF 0.2 595 F Type A ambient temperature 6004273-10- Slurry at DMF 0.2 595 G Type F F-100C 100° C. (for 2 days) 6004273-10- Slurry at DMF 0.2 595 G Decomposition F-150C 150° C. (for 5 d) 6004273-10-G Slurry at DMF 0.2 576 G Type F 50° C. 6004273-10-H Liquid DMSO 5 60 MeCN 3 H No precipitation, vapor evaporated- no sorption solids due to DMSO 6004273-10-J Liquid DMSO 10 60 Acetone 3 J No precipitation, vapor evaporated- no sorption solids due to DMSO 6004273-10-K Anti- DMSO 10 60 MIBK 200 K Amorphous solvent addition 6004273-10-L Anti- DMF 20 5 n-propanol 200 L Amorphous solvent addition 6004273-10-M Anti- DMA 20 5 t-BuOH 200 M Amorphous solvent addition 6004273-10-M1 Anti- DMF 20 5 Toluene 300 M Amorphous solvent addition

Characteristics of HM30181 mesylate salt polymorphisms as characterized by XRPD, TGA, DSC, and DVS are summarized below:

-   -   HM30181 mesylate Type A represents a prior art preparation of         HM30181 mesylate that can be used as a starting material in         generation of novel polymorphs of this compound.     -   Crystalline HM30181 mesylate Type B was obtained through         slurrying in methanol at 4° C. to 50° C. and is distinct by XRPD         (see FIG. 40 ). By DSC, HM30181 mesylate Type B displayed an         endotherm at 159.92° C. (see FIG. 41 ). By TGA, HM30181 mesylate         Type B showed 1.865% weight loss before 170° C., followed by         possible disassociation and decomposition (see FIG. 41 ).     -   Crystalline HM30181 mesylate Type C polymorph was obtained         through slurrying in acetonitrile at ambient temperature and         shows characteristic results on XRPD. No change in crystalline         pattern was noted after vacuum drying overnight (see FIG. 42 ).         By DSC, HM30181 mesylate Type C displays an endotherm at         159.60° C. (see FIG. 43 ). By TGA, HM30181 mesylate Type C         showed 2.987% weight loss before 170° C., followed by a         disassociation and decomposition (see FIG. 43 ). By 1H-NMR,         HM30181 mesylate Type C is confirmed to contain only water and         no acetonitrile, (˜2.07 ppm) suggesting a monohydrate (see FIG.         44 ).     -   Crystalline HM30181 mesylate Type D was obtained through         slurrying in N-methyl pyrrolidone at ambient temperature and         shows characteristic results by XRPD. No change in crystalline         pattern was noted after air drying overnight (see FIG. 45 ). By         DSC/TGA, HM30181 mesylate Type D displayed an endotherm at         66.97° C. and a 14.71% weight loss before 150° C., suggesting         significant residual solvent content (see FIG. 46 ).     -   Crystalline HM30181 mesylate Type E was obtained through         slurrying in N,N-dimethylacetamide at ambient temperature and         shows characteristic results by XRPD. No change in crystalline         pattern was noted after vacuum drying overnight at 80° C. (see         FIG. 47 ). By DSC/TGA, HM30181 mesylate Type E displayed an         endotherm at 154.42° C. and a 5.247% weight loss before 168° C.,         suggesting HM30181 mesylate Type E was a solvate (see FIG. 48 ).         By ¹H-NMR, HM30181 mesylate Type E was confirmed to contain DMA         (see FIG. 49 ).     -   Crystalline HM30181 mesylate Type F was obtained through         slurrying in dimethylformamide at 50° C. and shows         characteristic results by XRPD (see FIG. 50 ). A significant         reduction in crystallinity was noted after vacuum drying         overnight at 80° C., suggesting HM30181 mesylate Type F is a         metastable solvate. By DSC/TGA, HM30181 mesylate Type F         displayed an endotherm at 148.41° C. and a 5.123% weight loss         before 180° C., consistent with loss of DMF (see FIG. 51 ). By         ¹H-NMR, HM30181 mesylate Type F was confirmed to contain DMF         (see FIG. 52 ).     -   Crystalline HM30181 mesylate Type G was obtained through         slurrying in dimethylformamide at 50° C. and shows         characteristic results by XRPD. No reduction in crystallinity         was noted after air drying overnight (see FIG. 53 ). By DSC/TGA,         HM30181 mesylate Type G displayed an endotherm at 69.02° C. and         at 233.29° C. and a 1.451% weight loss before 150° C., which was         consistent with loss of DMF (see FIG. 54 ).     -   Crystalline HM30181 mesylate Type H was obtained through liquid         vapor diffusion of acetonitrile into a DMSO stock of HM30181         mesylate and shows characteristic results by XRPD (see FIG. 55         ). By DSC/TGA, HM30181 mesylate Type H displayed an endotherm at         126.52° C. and a 7.444% weight loss before 200° C., potentially         from residual ACN and DMSO or from a solvate (see FIG. 56 ).     -   Crystalline HM30181 mesylate Type I was obtained through liquid         vapor diffusion of acetone, ethyl acetate, or isopropyl acetate         into a DMA stock of HM30181 mesylate and shows characteristic         results by XRPD (see FIG. 57 ). Air-drying of HM30181 mesylate         Type I yielded HM30181 mesylate Type J.     -   HM30181 mesylate Type J was obtained through liquid vapor         diffusion of acetone, ethyl acetate, or isopropyl acetate into a         DMA stock or isopropyl acetate into a DMSO stock of HM30181         mesylate followed by air-drying. By XRPD, HM30181 mesylate Type         J is crystalline (see FIG. 58 ). By TGA, HM30181 mesylate Type J         displayed a 2.887% weight loss before 150° C., suggesting a         solvate or hydrate (see FIG. 59 ).     -   HM30181 mesylate type K was obtained through anti-solvent         addition using DMF/IPA and multiple DMSO systems (ethanol,         acetone, MIBK, THF, chloroform, t-butanol, n-propyl acetate, and         n-propanol). By XRPD, HM30181 mesylate Type K is partially         crystalline (see FIG. 60 ).     -   HM30181 mesylate Type L was obtained through anti-solvent         addition in DMF/n-propanol and DMA/isopropanol systems. By XRPD,         HM30181 mesylate Type L is partially crystalline (see FIG. 61 ).     -   HM30181 mesylate type M was obtained through anti-solvent         addition in DMF/toluene and DMA/t-butanol systems. By XRPD,         HM30181 mesylate Type M is partially crystalline (see FIG. 62 ).

Crystalline HM30181 mesylate Type N was obtained after 14-days treatment of HM30181 mesylate Type A starting material as a slurry in methanol at ambient temperature (see FIG. 63 ). HM30181 mesylate Type N showed some loss of crystallinity after vacuum-drying, suggesting a methanol solvate. By DSC, HM30181 mesylate Type N displayed endotherms at 159.28° C. and 188.47° C. with a 2.128% weight loss before 180° C., followed by possible disassociation and decomposition (see FIG. 64 ). ¹H-NMR confirmed the presence of methanol (see FIG. 65 ).

HM30181 mesylate Type C and E forms were further analyzed to determine unit cell dimensions. Unit cell parameters for the Type C polymorph of HM30181 mesylate were calculated using cumulative XRPD spectra, peak identifications for which are shown in Table 15. Notably distinct peaks for HM30181 mesylate Type C are shown in bold and italicized in Table 15. Estimated values of unit cell parameters derived from the Type C polymorph of HM30181 mesylate are shown in Table 16 and are consistent with triclinic P unit cells.

TABLE 15 FWHM Rel. Pos. Height Left d-spacing Int. [°2Th.] [cts] [°2Th.] [Å] [%] 3.5 34.6 0.05 25.5 1.8 5.1 95.5 0.115 17.5 5.0 5.6 30.2 0.08 15.8 1.6

9.9 37.7 0.20 8.9 2.0 11.7 305.9 0.20 7.6 16.2 12.1 322.7 0.10 7.3 17.1 12.8 1892.0 0.10 6.9 100.0 13.9 205.8 0.13 6.4 10.9 15.0 609.3 0.13 5.9 32.2 15.5 113.8 0.82 5.7 6.0 16.1 253.9 0.15 5.5 13.4 17.8 71.2 0.46 5.0 3.8 19.2 439.5 0.20 4.6 23.2 19.7 590.3 0.20 4.5 31.2 20.0 362.7 0.20 4.4 19.2 21.2 60.7 0.10 4.2 3.2 22.1 20.0 0.10 4.0 1.0 22.9 309.0 0.13 3.9 16.3 23.4 99.7 0.18 3.8 5.3 24.5 37.2 0.20 3.6 2.0 25.1 63.6 0.31 3.6 3.4 26.1 1066.2 0.31 3.4 56.4 26.9 130.0 0.20 3.3 6.9 28.1 144.2 0.23 3.2 7.6 29.4 15.4 0.31 3.0 0.8 32.4 19.0 0.20 2.8 1.0 34.3 25.9 0.05 2.6 1.4 35.50 13.2 0.41 2.5 0.7 36.5 16.1 0.15 2.5 0.9 37.3 12.0 0.08 2.4 0.6

TABLE 16 Reflection Conditions Crystal System Triclinic Bravais Type Primitive (P) Space Group Instrument Settings Goniometer Radius (mm) 240.00 Unit Cell a (Å) 7.34 (2) b (Å) 14.6 (1) c (Å) 17.5 (8) Alpha (°) 51.8 (6) Beta (°) 62.3 (2) Gamma (°) 90.4 (3) Volume (Å³) 1179.70 Refinement Results No. Unindexed Lines 0 No. Indexed Lines 17 Total No. 5110 Calculated Lines Chi Square 3.777537E−0006 Snyder's FOM 2.0791

Characteristic XRPD peak values for the Type E polymorph are provided in Table 17, where notably distinct peaks are indicated by bolded and italicized numerals. It should be appreciated that these are distinct and different from those of polymorph Type C, indicating that the Type C and Type E polymorphs are distinct and different from one another and that both Type C and Type E polymorphs are distinct and different from the prior art Type A polymorph of HM30181 mesylate.

TABLE 17 FWHM Rel. Pos. Height Left d-spacing Int. [°2Th.] [cts] [°2Th.] [Å] [%]

5.2 4.1 0.05 17.0 0.4 6.0 16.0 0.038 14.7 1.5 6.2 13.5 0.051 14.3 1.3 6.3 22.1 0.038 14.0 2.1 8.2 1047.3 0.15 10.8 100.0 9.0 35.8 0.038 9.9 3.4 9.1 29.7 0.15 9.7 2.8 9.9 13.9 0.05 9.0 1.3

11.6 136.8 0.20 7.6 13.1 12.3 114.7 0.18 7.2 11.0 12.9 170.3 0.15 6.9 16.3 13.6 30.8 0.15 6.5 2.9

15.4 227.7 0.13 5.7 21.8 15.9 801.8 0.23 5.6 76.6 16.3 46.5 0.15 5.4 4.4

17.7 281.7 0.20 5.0 26.9 18.3 200.1 0.23 4.9 19.1 18.9 298.0 0.20 4.7 28.4 19.3 164.2 0.13 4.6 15.7 19.6 106.5 0.13 4.5 10.2 20.0 103.1 0.15 4.4 9.8 20.4 153.2 0.13 4.3 14.6

21.3 320.9 0.13 4.2 30.6 21.6 243.7 0.10 4.1 23.3 22.0 111.1 0.20 4.0 10.6 22.4 128.7 0.15 4.0 12.3 22.7 418.2 0.26 3.9 39.9

24.1 116.9 0.10 3.7 11.2 24.6 174.5 0.20 3.6 16.7 24.9 214.9 0.18 3.6 20.5 26.2 994.9 0.15 3.4 95.0

28.3 94.3 0.18 3.2 9.0 28.8 20.2 0.15 3.1 1.9 29.3 62.1 0.15 3.0 5.9 30.7 45.9 0.20 2.9 4.4 32.1 117.5 0.18 2.8 11.2 33.3 40.2 0.15 2.7 3.8 33.9 42.7 0.31 2.6 4.1 34.7 33.4 0.26 2.6 3.2 35.7 22.6 0.20 2.5 2.2 37.0 29.8 0.15 2.4 2.8 Unit cell parameters for the Type E polymorph of HM30181 mesylate were calculated using cumulative XRPD spectra. Estimated values of unit cell parameters derived from the Type E polymorph of HM30181 mesylate are shown in Table 18 and are consistent with triclinic P unit cells.

TABLE 18 Reflection Conditions Crystal System Triclinic Bravais Type Primitive (P) Space Group Instrument Settings Goniometer Radius (mm)  240.00 Unit Cell a (Å) 8.2 (2) b (Å) 9.8 (2) c (Å) 23.7 (4) Alpha (°) 75.2 (2) Beta (°) 78.66 (3) Gamma (°) 111.69 (3) Volume (Å³) 1618.45 Refinement Results No. Unindexed Lines  0 No. Indexed Lines 32  Total No. 6088   Calculated Lines Chi Square 8.802423E−0007 Snyder's FOM    5.7186

As noted above, HM30181 is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, an efflux transport protein that is effective at removing a wide range of therapeutic from cells and forms an important part of the blood brain barrier. While this function is essentially protective, it can adversely impact the use of therapeutic drugs that P-glycoprotein substrates. Examples of drugs that are transported by P-glycoprotein include, but are not limited to, antineoplastic drugs (e.g., docetaxel, etoposide, vincristine), calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine), calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., cyclosporin, tacrolimus), digoxin, macrolide antibiotics (e.g., clarithromycin), and protease inhibitors. Accordingly, HM30181 mesylate can be used to alter the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic drug substrates of P-glycoprotein by reducing efflux of such drugs from the cells of an individual undergoing treatment.

Conventional process for the production of HM30181 provide the Type A polymorph. Inventors have produced and identified a number of other forms of this compound, including Type B, Type C, Type D, Type E, Type F, Type G, Type H, Type I, Type J, Type K, Type L, Type M, and Type N polymorphs of HM30181. As shown above, these are different and distinct from the prior art Type A polymorph and from each other. Inventors believe that these new polymorphs of HM30181 can provide different stabilities and/or pharmacokinetics (e.g., rate of absorption, etc.) than those provided by the prior art Type A polymorph.

Accordingly, another embodiment of the inventive concept is the application of one or more of a Type B, Type C, Type D, Type E, Type F, Type G, Type H, Type I, Type J, Type K, Type L, Type M, and/or Type N polymorph of HM30181 to inhibit P-glycoprotein, and in turn alter the pharmacokinetics of a drug that is a substrate of P-glycoprotein. In some of such embodiments the drug can be a chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of cancer.

In such embodiments one or more of a Type B, Type C, Type D, Type E, Type F, Type G, Type H, Type I, Type J, Type K, Type L, Type M, and/or Type N polymorph of HM30181 can be administered in concert with a drug that is a P-glycoprotein substrate to an individual that is in need of treatment for a disease or condition that is responsive to such a drug. In some embodiments a Type B, Type C, Type D, Type E, Type F, Type G, Type H, Type I, Type J, Type K, Type L, Type M, and/or Type N polymorph of HM30181 can be provided as a separate formulation. Alternatively, one or more of a Type B, Type C, Type D, Type E, Type F, Type G, Type H, Type I, Type J, Type K, Type L, Type M, and/or Type N polymorph of HM30181 can be formulated in combination with a drug that is a P-glycoprotein substrate. In a preferred embodiment the disease is cancer, and the drug that is a P-glycoprotein substrate is a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer.

Methods

As noted above, polymorphs of HM30181 mesylate were provided by treatment of a conventional HM30181 mesylate Type A preparation with a variety of solvents, and using a range of techniques. For solubility studies of HM30181 mesylate Type A in a variety of solvents a sample (˜2 mg) of the solid was transferred into a 4-mL glass vial. Solvent was added to the vial in a stepwise fashion, 50 μL per step until 100 μL total volume followed by 100 μL per step until concentration was less than 1.0 mg/mL. Samples were mixed thoroughly after each addition by sonication for 2 minutes and vortexing for 1 minute. Volumes of solvent (V1 and V2) were recorded and used to estimate solubility. Solvents used are summarized below in Table 19.

TABLE 19 Abbreviation Solvent Abbreviation Solvent MeOH Methanol THF Tetrahydrofuran EtOH Ethanol 2-MeTHF 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran IPA Isopropyl DMF Dimethyl formamide alcohol ACN Acetonitrile DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide MIBK Methyl isobutyl CHCl₃ Chloroform ketone EtOAc Ethyl acetate DCM Dichloromethane iPrOAc Isopropyl DMAc Dimethylacetamide acetate MTBE Methyl tert-butyl t-BuOH t-Butanol ether

Screening of polymorphisms of HM30181 mesylate can include preparation of a slurry. Typically, a slurry was prepared by suspending 5 mg to 20 mg of sample in 0.1 mL to 0.5 mL solvent in a 1.5 mL or 3.0 mL glass vial. The suspension a was stirred at target temperature (e.g. 4° C., ambient temperature, 50° C.) at 200 rpm. Solids for X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis were separated by centrifuging at 14,000 rpm for 5 minutes at ambient temperature. If no solid or gel is obtained, the slurry can be move to a fume hood for evaporation of the solvent.

In some embodiments anti-solvent addition was used. In this method a concentrated stock of compound in solvent is provided and an anti-solvent quickly added to the concentrated solution while stirring to induce precipitation. Solids can be isolated for XRPD analysis using filtration or centrifugation.

In some embodiments reverse anti-solvent addition was used. In this method a concentrated stock of compound in solvent is provided and quickly added to an anti-solvent with stirring to induce precipitation. Solids can be isolated for XRPD analysis using filtration or centrifugation.

In some embodiments slow cooling was used. In this method a concentrated suspension of compound in solvent is provided. This solution was heated to 50° C. and held at 50° C. for at least 30 minutes. The resulting solution or suspension was filtered at 50° C. using a 0.45 micron PTFE filter and the filtrate collected into clean vials. The resulting clear solution was cooled to 5° C. to induce precipitation. Solids were isolated solids for XRPD analysis using filtration or centrifugation.

In some embodiments crash cooling was used. In this method a concentrated suspension of compound in solvent is provided. The suspension was heated to 50° C. and held at 50° C. for at least 30 minutes. The heated solution or suspension was filtered at 50° C. using a 0.45 micron PTFE filter and the filtrate collected into clean vials. The clear solution was cooled to −20° C. to induce precipitation. Solids were isolated for XRPD analysis using filtration or centrifugation.

In some embodiments liquid vapor diffusion was used. In this method a concentrated stock of compound in solvent is provided. This concentrated stock is transferred to an inner vial that is sealed within a larger vial containing anti-solvent. Solids were isolated for XRPD analysis using filtration or centrifugation.

In some embodiments solid vapor diffusion was used. In this method 5-15 mg of sample were weighed into a small (e.g., 3 mL) vial. The vial was placed inside a larger vial (e.g., 20 mL) containing 3- to 4 mL of a volatile solvent. The outer vial was then sealed. This assembly was kept at ambient temperature for 7 days, allowing solvent vapor to interact with the solid, and the resulting product characterized by XRPD.

Unique HM30181 mesylate polymorphisms were characterized by a variety of techniques, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), NMR, and calorimetry. These were performed as follows.

XRPD was performed using a Panalytical X'Pert3™ Powder XRPD and on a Si zero-background holder. The 2θ position was calibrated against a Panalytical™ 640 Si powder standard. Details of XRPD used in the experiments are listed below in Table 20.

TABLE 20 Parameters for Reflection Mode X-Ray wavelength Cu, kα, Kα1 (Å): 1.540598, Kα2 (Å): 1.544426 Kα2/Kα1 intensity ratio: 0.50 X-Ray tube setting 45 kV, 40 mA Divergence slit Automatic Scan mode Continuous Scan range (°2TH) 3°-40° Step size (°2TH) 0.0131 Scan speed (°/s) 0.16

Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed using a TA Q2000™ DSC from TA Instruments. Temperature was ramped from ambient temperature to desired temperature at a heating rate of 10° C./min using N₂ as the purge gas, with pan crimped (see Table 21).

TABLE 21 Parameters DSC Pan Type Aluminum pan, closed Temperature ambient temperature-300° C. Ramp rate 10° C./min Purge gas N₂ In some studies, a cyclic DSC method was used. In such cycling DSC methods temperature was ramped from ambient to 150° C. at a heating rate of 10° C./min using N₂ as the purge gas, then cooled by 10° C. to 25° C. This temperature cycle repeated twice (see Table 22).

TABLE 22 Parameters DSC Pan Type Aluminum pan, closed Temperature 25-150° C. Ramp rate 10° C./min Purge gas N₂ Heat/cool Cycles 2

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was performed using a TA Q500™ TGA from TA Instruments. Temperature was ramped from ambient to desired temperature at a heating rate of 10° C./min using N₂ as the purge gas, with pan open (see Table 23).

TABLE 23 Parameters TGA Pan Type Platinum plate, open Temperature 300° C. Ramp rate 10° C./min Purge gas N₂ Sample purge flow 15 mL/min Balance purge flow 25 mL/min

Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) was measured using a SMS (Surface Measurement Systems™) DVS Intrinsic. Parameters for DVS test are listed below in Table 24.

TABLE 24 Parameters Values Temperature 25° C. Sample size 10-20 mg Gas and flow rate N₂, 200 mL/min dm/dt 0.002%/min Min. dm/dt stability duration 10 min Max. equilibrium time 360 min RH range 40% RH-95% RH-0% RH-95% RH RH step size 10% (0% RH-90% RH) 5% (90% RH-95% RH)

Proton NMR were obtained using a Varian 200M™ NMR in deuterated DMSO (DMSO-d₆).

It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims. Moreover, in interpreting both the specification and the claims, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. Where the specification claims refer to at least one of something selected from the group consisting of A, B, C . . . and N, the text should be interpreted as requiring only one element from the group, not A plus N, or B plus N, etc. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition comprising a crystalline or partially crystalline form of HM30181 mesylate, wherein the crystalline or partially crystalline form comprises at least one of polymorph B, polymorph C, polymorph D, polymorph E, polymorph F, polymorph G, polymorph H, polymorph I, polymorph J, polymorph K, polymorph L, polymorph M, and polymorph N.
 2. A composition of claim 1, where the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph B, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 40 and has an endotherm at about 159.92° C.
 3. The composition of claim 1, where the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph Type C, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 42 and has an endotherm at about 159.6° C.
 4. A composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph D, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 45 and has an endotherm at about 66.97° C.
 5. A composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph E, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 47 and has an endotherm at about 154.42° C.
 6. A composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph F, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 50 and has an endotherm at about 148.41° C.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph G, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 53 and has an endotherm at about 69.02° C.
 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph H, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 55 and has an endotherm at about 126.52° C.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph I, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 57 .
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph J, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 58 .
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph K, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 60 .
 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph L, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 61 .
 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph M, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 62 .
 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline or partially crystalline form is polymorph N, and wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to FIG. 63 and has an endotherms at about 159° C. and about 188° C.
 15. A method of inhibiting P-glycoprotein activity, comprising contacting P-glycoprotein with at least one crystalline or partially crystalline form of HM30181 mesylate of claim 1 in an amount effective to inhibit an activity of P-glycoprotein.
 16. A method of treating cancer, comprising: administering a chemotherapeutic drug to an individual in need of treatment; and administering a polymorph of HM30181 mesylate as in at least one of claims 1 to 22 to the individual in need of treatment in an amount effective to inhibit P-glycoprotein activity in the individual, wherein the chemotherapeutic drug is a P-glycoprotein substrate.
 17. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the therapeutic drug is a chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of cancer. 